What Influence The Media Have Over Education Policy Media Essay

What Influence The Media Have Over Education Policy Media Essay The media influences many areas of our lives sometimes without us even realizing that it is happening. Where else do we learn about the newest must have toy for Christmas, or the latest iphone. We see it and we immediately want it and cannot live without it. The same principal applies to the amount of influence media has over our schools and education policies. They shine a favorable light on someone who is running for the school board and instantly we think that person is the best candidate for the job. They do an investigative report on how money is being wasted at the expense of our kids and we are ready to march down to the administration building and demand they all resign. We grow up believing that everything we see and here in the media is the truth but the reality is that someone usually has an ax to grind and finds a way to get their view before the general public. This type of journalism has gotten so out of hand that Fox News uses the tagline fair and balanced in an effort to bring more views to their channel. I am left wondering why all channels and outlets are not reporting the news in a fair and balanced manner. There are two ways in which media, including the news media, popular culture, and entertainment sources, are commonly viewed as educational. In the first sense, people learn what to think and how to behave from media sources, viewing information on the news as matter of fact, or the characters on a televised sitcom as models for normal behavior, for example. Many find this view most compelling when considering medias impact on young children, whose understanding of the distinction between reality and fantasy is not set in stone. As an example, Schrag suggests that, lacking prior learning or experience with Middle Eastern culture, young children are bound to learn from Aladdin-a Walt Disney film marketed to young children that has sold tens of millions of copies-that Middle Eastern fruit sellers are commonly prone to violent rage upon discovering a single apple has been stolen from their cart. A similar view of media as unduly and directly influential to children was used in defense of twelve-year-old Lionel Tate, who was tried in 1991 for killing a six-year-old girl by body slamming her as he commonly observed contestants in World Federation of Wrestling do on television. (Jackson, 2010) The first policy is the right of freedom of speech. Public schools are the easiest to change though law and public policy when compared to parents, news media, campaigns, and communities. Schools can have a direct impact on students civic attitudes, knowledge, and habits. One of the most effective ways for them to teach citizenship is by promoting discussion of current issues, which is often based on items from the news media. There is even evidence that discussions of current issues in social studies classes can have indirect effects, enhancing family discussions of current events, which then increase both parents and students interest and knowledge. Educational programs that emphasize discussion of controversial issues have been found to increase students tolerance and use of the news media. By discussing these topics at school first then the student going home and talking about it to their parents it helps the student better understand the topic and the world around them. (Lopez, 2009) In 2005, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation released results from a major survey of more than 112,000 high school students in more than 500 public and private schools that was taken in 2004. The survey was called the Future of the First Amendment (FOFA). It focused on habits and attitudes relevant to the First Amendment and especially freedom of the press. Students were asked factual questions about the First Amendment. Questions such as, Is it legal to burn the American flag as a protest? They were also asked opinion question, Does the press have too much freedom? and Should newspapers be allowed to publish freely without government approval? Finally, they were asked questions about their use of various news media and participation in school media activities. (Lopez, 2009) This research is very disturbing. It implies that schools are not doing their part to teach the students about what rights they do have. Recently some groups tried taking away our freedom of speech by telling us that when we say the Pledge of Allegiance it is wrong to say one nation under God. Freedom of speech should protect everyone and one group does not have the right to tell another that the words they choose to say are no longer allowed. Another area where the media has had a positive impact on school policy involves underage smoking. Movies and TV commonly show the stars of the film smoking. This is because smoking is still accepted in everyday life even though there are so many anti-smoking campaigns. Libertarianism toward smoking still permeates the society sufficiently to make smoking by film stars tolerable and normal, if not also attractive and desirable, as long as they are not literally advertising cigarettes to minors. Some audience members respond critically to media messages implying that smoking is socially acceptable, while others are more favorable. Yet the commonality of smoking by protagonists in mainstream film, nonetheless, reveals that, according to mainstream producers information, smoking is not considered to be beyond the bounds of social norms; it is regarded normally as an expected, largely acceptable, behavior that need not require a critical response or prohibition on the big screen. (McCart hy, 1998) Most of the policies that schools are trying to enact are for the good of the students. They want to make sure that the students are healthy and safe while they are on school property. Media campaigns have been used to modify individual behavior in many issues such as AIDS, tobacco use, breastfeeding, physical activity, and milk consumption. Ads are used in newspaper articles or letters to the editor in order to influence policy change. In 2006, North Carolina launched a campaign that used mass media campaign to influence policy change. It became the first state to create a statewide mass media campaign to promote the adoption of and compliance with tobacco-free policies in schools (TFS). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as part of a comprehensive tobacco control program, calls for tobacco-free policies in schools to prevent youth tobacco use. (Summerlin-Long. S, 2009) The most effective tobacco-free policies that are enforced have shown there to be a significant reduction of youth tobacco use. These policies not only affect the students. It also affects school personnels use of tobacco and teaching of youth about tobacco. The most successful tobacco-free policy prohibits the use of tobacco products by anyone. No one is allowed to use tobacco on school grounds or at school events at any time. This includes school premises, school vehicles, and school events such as concerts and sporting events. At the time of the campaign launch, 78 of the 115 (67.8%) school districts in North Carolina had adopted comprehensive tobacco-free policies. The vast majority of these districts passed policies after school and community organizations funded by the North Carolina Health and Wellness Trust Fund (HWTF) specifically began to focus on this issue in 2003. As an innovative strategy for augmenting promotion of TFS policy adoption and compliance across the state, t he HWTF decided in 2005 to develop a statewide media campaign that would educate North Carolinians about TFS policies and encourage widespread support for such policies in local school districts. (Summerlin-Long. S, 2009) This was the first tobacco-free media campaign in the nation there and there was no evidence-based practice to base what ads worked best. Research was needed to help with the creation of the campaign aimed at changing policies. Researchers decided to speak with experts to learn more about messages to promote TFS policy. In February and March 2005, researchers conducted a total of 45 interviews with experts on TFS policy that were from within and outside North Carolina. The experts were from North Carolina and five other states. The people that were chosen for the interview were school district superintendents, Board of Education members, and school employees who included principals, teachers, and other staff. These people were chosen because they had the most power to influence policy and they were the adults most affected by local policy. There were twenty participants in twelve districts with TFS policies and in six districts without TFS policies participated in interviews. Two par ticipants were from organizations that worked across school districts. The research team also interviewed 9 state legislators to ensure the possibility of such a media campaign in a tobacco-growing state. The legislators included political parties, the Senate and the House, and a number of prominent members of the legislature who might wield influence on this issue. (Summerlin-Long. S, 2009) The survey tool asked interviewees about the best types of people to appear in ads. People were asked to think about which kinds of people would be most compelling in general.. They had to make the decision to decide whether a youth must appear in the personal testimonial of youth, and superintendents/school personnel would be best to relate the experiences of successful districts. They were also asked (1) what kinds of messages they believed would be most effective, (2) what kinds of messages might be seen as controversial, and (3) legislators comments on three of the most popular themes from the expert/stakeholder list. (Summerlin-Long. S, 2009) An ongoing problem in schools is bullying. In recent years the students are even bullied while they are on the internet away from the school setting. Schools are now using the media to help stop bullies and make sure that students are safe. Recent news in the national media about two students deaths as a result of harassment in school has highlighted a renewed desire for educators to address the culture of bullying and harassment in public schools, especially when the victims are targeted for their real or perceived differences. Some students are bullied and made fun of so much that they see the only way out is to commit suicide or leave the city that they are from. South Carolinas legislature responded to this need in June 2006 with the passage of the Safe School Climate Act. This statute was designed to limit and punish harassment, intimidation, or bullying among public school students, and it was required that school districts established policies to address this issue before Janu ary 1, 2007. However, failure to adequately implement the provision may provide an explanation as to why the Safe School Climate Act has failed to significantly change the culture of schools in South Carolina. South Carolinas legislative intentions provide a reference for similar legislation and policy changes nationwide. Current research shows that only quality staff development combined with ongoing, effective training in and education about any new policies will lead to its effective implementation. The complex causes of bullying and its impact on school culture continue to be debated by educational researchers, psychologists, and social theorists. (Terry, Blocking the Bullies: Has South Carolinas Safe School Climate Act Made Public Schools Safer?, 2010) Obviously legal remedies and punitive measures for bullies alone have not solved the problem. Will there ever be a time in history where students can be themselves and not worry about if someone is going to make fun of them or if they will ever be able to hang out with the cool kids? Hopefully through continued media attention to this problem changes will come about. Do you remember walking down the hallways in high school and suddenly having the security guard chase after you because they thought that your shorts where to short? By the time that I was a senior in high school is became a joke to us all. We learned that we could bend our arms a little bit and make it look like our shorts were long enough. In reality yes our shorts where to short but there was nothing that we could do about. My high school didnt have air conditioning so at times it got very hot and it was unbearable to wear pants. When we would go shopping for shorts they ones that would fit around our hips without falling off would be too short and it we bought them so that they were a little bit too big so the length was right then we would get into trouble because they would be falling off of us. It was such a dilemma. The dress code restriction didnt just stop on what length our shorts had to be. Students and teachers alike have always had restrictions on what is appropriate an d inappropriate dress. Virtually with no exception, schools have minimum dress codes in place: rules about what cannot be worn at school. Uniform policies state explicitly what must be worn in schools. (Gereluk, 2007) Halter-tops, tube-tops, one shoulder tops . . . muscle shirts, see-through or mesh tops (unless underneath a shirt) arent to be worn. Blouses, shirts or tops that reveal bare backs, midriffs, undergarments, or that have spaghetti straps or revealing necklines are not to be worn in Trents classes, hallways, class activities, or on field trips. (Raby, 2010) Does that sound familiar to you? I remember reading this in all my classes throughout my educational career. I always used to wonder why we had to have such a strict dress code. Now that I am older I have realized why. Dress code violations are distracting to others and they do not fit the desired image of a school, and disrespectful toward oneself and others. The details of dress codes do shift, however, as school administrators respond to trends in popular fashion. An example of this is reflected in rules banning midriff tops now making way for new concerns with girls reveal ­ing cleavage. Several American towns banning young me n from wearing low-slung pants that reveal their underwear. (Raby, 2010) Dress codes are not only for the students they are also for the staff in the school. Who wants to look at a teacher all day that is wearing sweat pants or a really low plunging neckline? I would be very angry. That is more distracting than if a student was wearing that outfit. In a 1901 document entitled Rules for Teachers, female educators were informed that they must wear at least two petticoats and that dresses must not be any shorter than two inches above the ankle. Male educators were informed that they shall wear a suit coat and suspenders. Additionally, teachers were admonished not to wear bright colors. (Kiracofe, 2010) As you can tell times have changed a lot. People do not dress like this anymore. Now modern school administers must decide if teachers are allowed to wear T-shirts with religious messages or other religious garb such as a turban or birkha. (Kiracofe, 2010) The question of whether or not media plays and helpful or harmful role in regards to the education system is not an easy on to answer. School safety has been improved following the events of past years that played out on every TV screen across America. They have reported on cyber bullying and the devastating consequences that such behavior can cause. Smoking has been banned from school property. On the other hand they have shown crazy games that have been being played among large groups of students. The latest one involves students on foot being chased by other students in cars. The object of the game is for the students on foot to make it to a predetermined location without getting caught. Shortly after this story was reported in the mainstream media there was an increase of traffic accidents due to even more students playing the game after hearing about it on the nightly news. The best we can hope for is that the good outweighs the bad and to try and teacher our children that just because the news anchor tells them something it doesnt necessarily mean that it is the truth etched in stone.

Commercial Life in Pompeii

Commercial Life in Pompeii and Herculaneum Historians have debated the nature of Pompeian economy – whether it was based on agriculture or trade. Some see the Roman empire in modern terms as one vast single market where demand drove up prices and productivity stimulated trade to a never before seen level (residue of pollution can be found in Greenland’s ice-cap and the many ship wrecks indicating the large volume of sea borne traffic).Other historians see Roman economy as ‘primitive’ based primarily on agriculture and the main aim of any community was to feed itself, with trade as the icing on the cake (based on the risky and costly sea travel, lack of banking system, social mores for respectability being against trade and laws forbidding senators and their sons from owning trade ships) (Beard pp. 152-3)[i]. More likely it was a combination of the two scenarios. Pompeii, unlike the quieter fishing/resort town of Herculaneum, can be seen to be a bustling com mercial centre, a town where making a profit and accumulating wealth was regarded as being favoured by the gods.This picture is based on evidence such as: * High number of privately owned shops, workshops, bars and inns, about 600 excavated * The markets around the Forum * The epigraphic (written) evidence of the guilds of tradesmen and retailers * The roughly 20 maritime warehouses & buildings lined with wine jars * Paintings of cargo boats on the Sarno River and porters carrying products to be loaded onto vessels * Trade signs advertise goods and services * Inscriptions on walls and floors on the benefits of making profit, eg. welcome gain† in the impluvium of the house of a carpenter * Images of Mercury, the God of commerce displayed The economies of Vesuvian towns were based on agricultural production (grain, grapes, olives and sheep) and fishing. The wealthiest families owned large houses in the city and also estates in the country side which were run and worked by fr eedmen and slaves . There were numerous medium-sized farms and villa rusticae as well as market gardens inside the walls of Pompeii occupying 10% of the town so far) that provided daily needs (wine, oil, cereals, fruit, vegetables, meat and wool). The fishing fleets of Herculaneum were large (based on the volume of fishing nets, hooks etc found) and supplied fresh seafood and the garum industry. These industries would’ve needed subsidiary industries too, such as pottery that was needed for the storage and export of products. From the evidence found in the Pompeii there were 50 occupations other than farming ii].There is a good argument to be made for the fact that Pompeii would’ve had enough surplus product for export – ancient writers associated the area with wine, as well as onions and cabbage. Also, numerous pottery jars have been found far from Pompeii, such as off the coast of Cannes (in France) stamped with the name Lasius an Oscan name with well-known mem bers of the family from Pompeii; wine jars stamped with the name Eumachus have been found in Carthage, Spain and France. Inside Pompeian houses jars have been found stamped with their origins (perhaps ready for distribution or sale) such as Spain, Crete and Rhodes.Microscopic analysis of containers in Pompeii has shown evidences of spices (such as pepper and cumin) as well as Egyptian glassware and Gallic bowls and pottery lamps (90 and 40 respectively still packed in their crates). Thus Beard reasons that â€Å"however small by comparison with the great trading centres of Puteoli or Rome, Pompeii’s port must’ve been a thriving, international and multilingual little place. † (Beard p. 162) Villa rustica in Boscoreale | Drawing of an olive press, for first pressing| Wine press, from Herculaneum| Wine and oil industries:Wine and oil were the main sources of income for people in the Vesuvian area, though only wealthy landowners could afford the outlay needed to set up and maintain these industries as the oil presses were costly and the long wait between planting and harvest. Large quantities of wine don’t appear to have been stored in bars or even inside the city, but brought in from the villas when needed which were stored large dolia â€Å"completely or partially buried in the ground thus protecting them from the weather† according to Pliny (Natural History 14). At the Villa of Pisanella at Boscoreale there was an nternal courtyard with 120 dolia that could hold up to 50,000 litres of wine which was transported in leather wineskins and decanted into amphorae for storage or serving in the thermopolia. Advertisements show there were a wide variety of types and vintages of wine on sale, Pliny said that Vesuvian wines were â€Å"injurious because of the hangover they cause, which persists until noon the following day. † The same estates also produced olive oil which was used for a variety of uses including cooking, lighting , washing and the production of perfume.Most of the pressing was done on estates in a two-step process – rubbing the olives to remove the skin and pips and then pressing them in the same press as used for wine to extract the oil. The manufacture of Garum:Pompeii was renowned for its garum, a fish sauce which was one of the main condiments used for flavouring Roman food. There were various types and qualities made from the guts and left overs of fish (such as red mullet, tuna, mackerel, sardines and anchovies) which was salted and left to ferment for a month.There is no evidence of equipment needed for production within the city itself, only dolia for distribution have been found (based on the small bones found at the bottom). The wealthiest families had a monopoly on the manufacture of garum and then sold it to street retailers or prepared it for export. | Garum jar in mosaic from the villa of Aulus Umbricius Scaurus, Pompeii, an ‘advertisement’ on the floor of h is atrium. | Cloth manufacture and treatment:Wool was the basis for one of the most important industries in Pompeii – the washing and dyeing of wool and the manufacture of cloth, as well as the laundering, bleaching and re-colouring of clothes. The raw wool was first degreased by boiling in leaden boilers, then once it was carded it was sent to spinners and weavers in private homes or shops and then it was coloured (often in bright colours such as purple and saffron) before distribution to cloth merchants. There have been 18 fullonicae (laundries) found in Pompeii and are identified by the series of interconnected basins or tanks with built in steps for washing and rinsing.Workers trod the cloth in a mixture of potash, carbonate of soda and urine (collected in jugs from the inhabitants of the town! ). Four fulleries were large and the rest have been found as part of private homes. The Fuller’s guild may have been a powerful organisation within the city. Fullery of Step hanus| Brushing the nap| Fullers standing in vats| An advertisement for the Fullonica of Stephani – cloth press| Fresco from the fullonica (fuller's shop) of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii| Pistrina (Bakeries)There have been more than 30 pistrina found in Pompeii easily identified by their mills and ovens, some bakeries did the whole process from milling the grain whilst others prepared loaves from ready prepared flour. Lava stone mills were turned by donkeys and the flour collected at the bottom. The flour was then kneaded at a table, shaped into circles, scored into wedges and baked in a stone oven. In Herculaneum a baker known as Sextus Patulcus Felix appears have specialised in cakes as 25 bronze pans of various sizes from 10 to 25 cm diameter were found.In the Bakery of the Chaste Lovers there is a two roomed shop, a bakery with large oven (that had a large repaired crack, and smaller newer cracks), four mills (though only one was operational at the time of eruption) and a dining room (a very large triclunium). The remains of seven donkeys in their stables were found which suggests that bread was also delivered. The large number of animals (who were expensive to keep) also indicates that the owners of the bakery had intention of returning it to full operating output (Beard pp. 174-7).Bakery of Modesto, Pompeii, where 81 loaves were found still ‘baking’ in the oven! |   | Tabernae (Shops) Tabernae are usually translated as shops or workshops and they are found along main roads along the street front with wide open fronts that were part of insulae and integrated into the town rather than in ‘commercial zones’ as in modern town planning. Owners would live above the shop, called cenacula, accessed by stairs. An example is Insula Arriana Polliana – the white sections are an elite residence whilst the grey sections are shops (eg. 1-3 ;amp; 2-4), domus (eg. 7, 9 ;amp;10) and upper floor apartments (accessed at 18, 19, 6, 8 ;amp; 10a) available for rent. About 200 public eating and drinking places have been identified in Pompeii identified by their open fronts and the counters with dolia set into them. Though there was no ‘zoning’, there is a cluster of shops at three of the gates into the city (northern entrance of the Herculaneum Gate, to the south the Vesuvius ;amp; Stabian Gates) as well as on a 600m stretch of the Via dell’ Abbondanza.Shop and workshop owners advertised their businesses with painted signs or painting on the outside of walls. Inns and bars did continue service into the night with lamps as lighting but there is also the evidence of the wood shutters put in place for when shops did close. One of the largest tabernae found at Herculaneum opposite the Palestra had two entrances and had eight large jars set into the counter, other amphorae that may have been used for oil or sauce and a stove behind the counter that had terracotta casseroles warming over a charcoal f ire.One wine bar or tavern on Via dell’ Abbondanza in Pompeii was owned by a woman named Asellina who employed foreign waitresses named Zmyrina, Maria and Aegle (some believe they are prostitutes) has sums showing customers’ debts written on the insides of the walls of her inn and on the outside there are political slogans which may reveal her interest in politics or an ancient version of a slur campaign against a candidate. The walls of Pompeii’s inns also provide evidence for what activities occurred there, one painting shows customers seated below hanging hams and sausages, a sign reads â€Å"if you’re going to fight, get out! ; while the bill for one customer ambiguously lists the cost of a girl, bed and fodder for his mule (Butterworth ;amp; Laurence p. 280)[iii]. There were also hotels where visitors to Pompeii could rent a room, either close to the port or clustered around the northern and southern Gates. One building named Hotel of the Muses on t he banks of the Sarno River had a small jetty, 8 triclinia with brilliant frescoes and a large kitchen that is estimated could feed 50 guests. Other Industries:In Pompeii there is evidence of workshops of carpenters, plumbers, wheelwrights, tanners, tinkers, ironmongers, gold/ silver/bronze/coppersmiths, marble-workers, stonemasons, gem-cutters and glassmakers, tanneries, cobblers, painters and weavers. Many of these industries seem to have been conducted from a room in the home (based on finds of tools) or on the streets (based on paintings of street life). Metal working seems to have been big business in Pompeii as there is a profusion of metal implements all over the town.A few small workshops and retail outlets have been found, however only one forge has been uncovered so far, just outside the Vesuvian Gate. Historians also do not know where the raw materials came from. Pottery also must have been a large industry as so many activities required pottery vessels, though only two s mall potters’ premises (one of which was a specialist lamp maker) have been found within the walls. Perhaps the fire hazards of metal work and firing pottery meant that they had workshops outside the town.One luxury industry was perfume production – a combination of olive oil and flowers or spices. There are large gardens (for example the Garden of the Fugitives and the Garden of Hercules) that some historians believe to be for the growing of flowers for perfume and fragments of small terracotta and glass containers found there. Wall paintings in the House of the Vetti portray olives and flowers being pressed to extract the oil in wooden mills; another scene shows a woman seated with her feet on a cushion as sales assistants dab perfumes on her hand from a selection on display in a tiered cabinet. Butterworth ;amp; Laurence p. 272) Bronze oil lamp of the god Priapus, from Pompeii| Blue glassware from Pompeii| Replica oil lamp, Pompeii| Silver vessels from Pompeii| Word Bank: Forum, industries, main, foreign, noon, only, seafood, expensive, hazards, guests, open, tanks, olives, from, uncovered, street, god, eating, delivered, urine, room, full, traffic, easily, guts, Sarno, export, lamps, high, stone, slogans, plumbers, serving, in, economy, spices, cloth, two, lass, painted, lighting, advertising, slaves, one, packed, lived, bones, display, behind, flowers, boiling, hooks, gates, luxury, loaves, prices, feed, debts, trade, integrated, repaired, combination, estates, counters, sauce, donkeys, within, powerful, vegetables, month, far, large, sausages, farming, dolia, wealth, jars, harvest, purple, jars, business [i] Beard, Pompeii – Life of a Roman town London, Profile Books, 2008 [ii] Bradley Cities of Vesuvius – Pompeii and Herculaneum Cambridge Uni Press, Melbourne, 2006, Chapter 6 [iii] Butterworth ;amp; Laurence Pompeii – The Living City London, Orion Publishing Group, 2006

Effects Of The Industrial Revolution On The United States

Spencer Neal Mr. Connolly US History Term Paper 10 November 2015 The Effect of the Industrial Revolution The American Industrial Revolution changed the United States residents from rural people to individuals that were exceedingly industrialized. They performed their work in processing plants and used machines. Many people took control of the Industrial Revolution such as: JP Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller. These men took hold of their respective industry and held extreme amounts of power in society. At the same time, there were many negative factors of the Industrial Revolution that gave America a distorted image. The transition at the beginning was not an easy one for the Americans, this effort took fifty years and created an emotional change in the country s financial history. The Industrial Revolution helped shape America with the help of the industrialists and the growth of the industries they supported and ran. Since the Industrial Revolution was newly formed toward the end of the eighteenth century, there were at first no laws to control new commercial enterprises. For instance, there were no laws keeping organizations from enlisting seven-year-old children to work 40 hours per week in coal mines or production lines or to manage production line’s biohazard waste. Free-showcase private enterprise implied that the administration had no part in directing the new businesses or arranging administrations for new towns.Show MoreRelatedWhat Did The Career Lives Of United States Women Change During The United?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe career lives of United States women change during the United States’ industrial Revolution? 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The Theory Of Nature And Nurture Essay - 2057 Words

Beginning from birth and extending to death is an intricate life long process of human development; however, comparing the human bond of others, we all have basic life stages from birth to death. Personal evolution of each human being requires each life moments. Being that there are predictions of common patterns to every human being, no individual life is the same. How a person develop throughout their life, depends on environmental blending experiences and biology. Nature and nurture are tingled before we are born. Processing of physical changes are largely driven as our brain grow and change due to different cognitive abilities and reduce function in old age, while psychosocial development is also influence by physical growth. Our involvement and relationship with other people also reflect our identity, as well as the environment we are better prone to, and how we may want to think our bodies and mind should be. Progress from infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence , and emerging into adulthood become more refined and complex as humans. Many theorists have attempted to identify the stages of cognitive and physical development, and in the process, there are many changes on how the human body and mind may reason. Over the course of a life span, many development has become a series of age related changes. Cognitive, social emotional, and physical are three areas of human development. Although these three areas have its differences, they are influence by eachShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Nature Or Nurture1520 Words   |  7 Pagesas an individual in this society. The way you define yourself, not only that, but how others define you is you in a sense of individuality that makes you different, the same, or revolutionary in the eyes of your own self or others. The theory of nature or nurture, in other words what you are born with and what you are influenced by in different environmental circumstances, will shape every single aspect of yourself. Alth ough it may be subconsciously or knowingly, the ways you behave with certainRead MorePsychology : The Nurture Theory And The Nature Theory1498 Words   |  6 Pagesuse the caregiver as a secure base. This paper will discuss two theories in developmental psychology: The nurture theory and the nature theory. The nurture theory, known as the behaviourism theory, tells us that babies learn all of their behaviours and that attachment is a result of conditioning. We will look at two types of learning and evaluate the nurture theory using research. In contrast, the nature theory is an evolutionary theory of Bowlby (1988) which states that babies are born with a survivalRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of nature vs. nurture, or inherited vs. acquired, is a complex psychological theory that questions how people develop, as a person, in life and how they act. Their impact determines your personality traits, values, morals, and behavior in life. The idea of nature is the belief that people develop into who they are based on genetic traits given to them at birth. For example, some children inherit a musical talent from their parents along with eye color, hair color, and race. These traitsRead MoreThe Theories Of Nature Vs Nurture1752 Words   |  8 Pages Through history, the idea of nature vs nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons’ upbringing, as nature is something very intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any human life, trumps nature. The earliest (proofs?) and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to proveRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1523 Words   |  7 Pagesstated, the â€Å"nature versus nurture† concept is very prevalent within developmental theory. Many theorists have strong opinions on the subject and how it relates to biological development, behavioral development and learning. The nature concept refers to development being driven by heredity, maturation, genes, and inborn intrinsic actions (Lerner, 2002). A theorist who had a strong view that nature w as the driving force behind development was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In contrast, the nurture concept refersRead MoreThe Theories Of Nature Vs. Nurture2037 Words   |  9 Pages Through history, the idea of nature vs. nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons’ upbringing, as nature is something intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any human life, trumps nature. The earliest evidence and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to prove theirRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Theory Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesQ) What was the basis of doctors reasoning to raise David (named Bruce at birth) as a girl? Explain the doctors reasoning in relation to nature versus nurture theories. The phycologist recommended to David’s parents that they can raise David as a girl just by developing his identity as a feminine. The physiologist also recommended that the surgical process of constructing penis would be more difficult and risky for David than the surgical construction of a vagina. The psychologist explained to David’sRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Personality Theories1855 Words   |  8 PagesPersonality theories include a wide range of thoughts and it is hard to narrow them down to a choice of how and why individuals are their identity. These complex thoughts must be examined and gone over certainly before one can decide whether an individual meets the characterized significance of the hypothesis. An example would need to be set up with the person before they could be said to have a specific identity quality. To what extent should an individual take after an example of conduct beforeRead More Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essa y2121 Words   |  9 PagesIs nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shapeRead MoreMy Personal Developmental Theory, Nature Vs. Nurture812 Words   |  4 Pagesshape and influence development. My personal developmental theory consists of several tenets from theories such as, nature vs. nurture, systems and cognitive developmental theory. While there are many theories in lifespan development, and they are all relevant in the development of an individual I found these particular theories the most influential in my de velopment. Nature vs. Nurture From a biological perspective, nature vs. nurture plays a critical role in the development of an individual. Meaney

Porters Generic Strategy - 1455 Words

Introduction It is clear that competing for sustainable and superior performance enhances a firm’s profitability. Equally, this same level of profitability depends largely on the attractiveness of the industry which is easily measured using the Porter’s 5 tools and more importantly, the position the firm takes within the industry to leverage on its strengths. To compete properly, a firm must address two fundamental questions. Should it focus on identifying a microcosm of the industry or serve the entire market? According to Michael C. Porter, the porter’s three (3) generic strategies are very important strategies, which can be applied to products and services in any industry or organization regardless of its size. The Three Porter’s†¦show more content†¦They are also involved in developing innovative operating systems and browser. Its main competitors are Microsoft, Samsung, HP, Blackberry, Acer, Toshiba, Nokia and Dell. Apple Inc. leads the competition by implementing a Differentiation Strategy. Apple Inc. sets itself apart from its competitors by providing unique features for its products, which the customers really cannot get anywhere else. These unique features include design, functionality, durability and consistency. Also, Apple electronic products are known to be sleek, simple and minimalist. It’s MacBook and iMac products have a reputation for long battery life and completely zero tolerance for viruses, which are known to plague other competitor’s products that run either Windows or Linus operating systems. Another aspect of differentiation that Apple utilizes well is its amazing customer service. Through its Apple Stores worldwide, Apple creates a very interactive forum where customers can come to purchase new devices or fix faulty ones. These unique aspects of its differentiation strategy are what give Apple the right to charge higher prices, thereby commanding a premium for their services. This strategy has proven to work well for the company because its market share has constantly been increasing since it released the iPod in 2005. The following diagram illustrates Apple inc’s strategic position relative to two of itsShow MoreRelatedPorter Generic Strategies and Samsung1237 Words   |  5 Pagesyears of activity. The semi-conductor industry in which Samsung participate is highly competitive and very dynamic. Thus, in order to analyze the case properly, we must know first the ropes of the industry, and afterwards dig in the company itself. Porter s 5 forces – Industry Analysis: 1. Threats of new entries: The main threat on Samsung is the growing Chinese market that enjoys a government support and attracts outside financing. Moreover, the Chinese are willing to endure loses for severalRead MoreThe Generic Strategy Options Of Porter2328 Words   |  10 PagesQ1. â€Å"The generic strategy options of Porter are insufficient and inappropriate for today’s complex, hyper-competitive environment†. Discuss. â€Å"Generic strategies† was first set out by Michael Porter in 1985 in his book â€Å"Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.† Academic work in the field of strategic management, Porter (1980, 1985) typology of general competitive strategies: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. The three virtually divided into two basicRead MoreEffective Porter s Generic Strategy Options1999 Words   |  8 PagesStrategy is used in different ways for varying purposes. From trying to start and finish projects to sports teams, political campaigns and even individual ambition, the concept of strategy is always essential. This essay examines the topic of if â€Å"The generic strategy options of Porter are insufficient and inappropriate for today’s complex, hyper-competitive environment†. However the purpose of this paper is to show how ineffective porter’s generic strategy options (model) are in the modern day environmentRe ad MoreThe Key Options Of Porter s Generic Strategies1907 Words   |  8 Pagesthree key options of Porter s generic strategies. Cost leadership, differentiation, and focus are the three generic strategies that will be deliberated on, and in addition the benefits and difficulties that come along with each strategic method. Michael E. Porter is a person of importance in regards to the competitiveness and economic development of nations and on competitive strategy. According to the Harvard Business School, â€Å"Michael Porter is the founder of the modern strategy field and one of theRead MoreMichael E. Porter Known as Generic Strategies704 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION Business level strategy is an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets. Generally there are various types of business strategies used by the company to compete more competitively. Business strategies used by a multinational of companies may vary from one subsidiary to another subsidiary. Managers should really get to know the internal and external business environmentRead MoreCase Study Of Porter s Generic Strategies And Its Later Development1857 Words   |  8 Pagesalso a challenge for each auto maker to create the right strategy for competing in global market. Volkswagen Group, the biggest German automaker, have target for being â€Å"the world’s most profitable, fascinating and automobile manufacturer in 2018†. To make it happen, they need to find the right strategy and positioning in international market among automobile manufacturers. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of porter’s generic strategies and its later development which will be used to analyseRead MoreThe use of Porter Generic strategies3051 Words   |  13 Pagesof Michael Porter’s Generic Strategies in the Romanian Hotel Industry Ovidiu N. Bordean, Anca I. Borza, RÄÆ'zvan L. Nistor and CÄÆ'tÄÆ'lina S. Mitra, Abstract— Porter’s generic strategies remain one of the most widely accepted typology of strategic options for businesses. Using a survey a sample of 69 hotel managers from the Nord-West part of Romania was questioned about their current strategic practices. A factor analysis revealed that hotels are pursuing only two strategies that can be identifiedRead MoreWhat Are The Three Generic Strategies Of An Organization1516 Words   |  7 Pagescovering most of the marketplace or if they choose, they can decide to concentrate on a narrower target within the market (Lynch 2003). While doing so may reduce their market range it essentially reduces their other competitors. Porter stated that there are three generic strategies that an organisation can follow to achieve competitive gain over other organisations. These are: 1) Cost Leadership 2) Differentiation 3) Focus Cost Leadership The organizations that endeavour to wind up the least cost makersRead MoreMichael Porter’s Generic Strategies1656 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Porter’s Generic Strategies According to Porter, strategies allow organizations to gain competitive advantage from three different bases: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Porter calls these bases as generic strategies. Cost leadership emphasizes producing standardized products at a very low per unit cost for consumers who are price sensitive. Differentiation is a strategy aimed at producing products and services considered unique industry wide and directed at customers who areRead MorePorters Generic Strategies1412 Words   |  6 PagesPorter s Generic Strategies If the primary determinant of a firm s profitability is the attractiveness of the industry in which it operates, an important secondary determinant is its position within that industry. Even though an industry may have below-average profitability, a firm that is optimally positioned can generate superior returns. A firm positions itself by leveraging its strengths. Michael Porter has argued that a firm s strengths ultimately fall into one of two headings: cost

A Brief Description of Non-Parametric Tests Free Essays

Non-parametric Tests In contrast to parametric tests, non-parametric tests do not require any assumptions about the parameters or about the nature of population. It is because of this that these methods are sometimes referred to as the distribution free methods. Most of these methods, however, are based upon the weaker assumptions that observations are independent and that the variable under study is continuous with approximately symmetrical distribution. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Description of Non-Parametric Tests or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to this, these methods do not require measurements as strong as that required by parametric methods. Most of the non- arametric tests are applicable to data measured in an ordinal or nominal scale. As opposed to this, the parametric tests are based on data measured at least in an interval scale. The measurements obtained on interval and ratio scale are also known as high level measurements. Level of measurement 1 . Nominal scale: This scale uses numbers or other symbols to identify the groups or classes to which various objects belong. These numbers or symbols constitute a nominal or classifying scale. For example, classification of individuals on the basis of sex (male, female) or on the basis of level of education (matric, senior secondary, raduate, post graduate), etc. This scale is the weakest of all the measurements. 2. Ordinal scale: This scale uses numbers to represent some kind of ordering or ranking of objects. However, the differences of numbers, used for ranking, don’t have any meaning. For example, the top 4 students of class can be ranked as 1, 2, 3, 4, according to their marks in an examination. 3. Interval scale: This scale also uses numbers such that these can be ordered and their differences have a meaningful interpretation. 4. Ratio scale: A scale possessing all the properties of an interval scale along with a true zero point is called a ratio scale. It may be pointed out that a zero point in an interval scale is arbitrary. For example, freezing point of water is defined at 00 Celsius or 320 Fahrenheit, implying thereby that the zero on either scale is arbitrary and doesn’t represent total absence of heat. In contrast to this, the measurement of distance, say in metres, is done on a ratio scale. The term ratio is used here because ratio comparisons are meaningful. For example, 100 kms of distance is four times larger than a distance of 25 kms while 1000F may not mean that it is twice as hot as SOOF. It should be noted here that a test that can be erformed on high level measurements can always be performed on ordinal or nominal measurements but not vice-versa. However, if along with the high level measurements the conditions of a parametric test are also met, the parametric test should invariably be used because this test is most powerful in the given circumstances. From the above, we conclude that a non-parametric test should be used when either the conditions about the parent population are not met or the level of measurements is inadequate for a parametric test. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/statistics-homework-help/ How to cite A Brief Description of Non-Parametric Tests, Papers

Performance Management at Heinz Company Australia - Solution

Question: Describe about the Performance Management at Heinz Company Australia? Answer: Introduction The report aims at developing skills to apply HRM strategies within a contemporary organisational framework. The company being taken to examine the concepts of performance management is Heinz Australia. The company was found to fire one of their sales managers, Moretti on grounds of performance management. However, this was found unfair by Fair Work Australia. The report takes into consideration various aspects of performance management. By definition, performance management refers to the process by which managers and employees work in a team, plan, and assess the employees work objectives and his /her overall contribution towards the success of an organisation (Olsen, 2010). Besides just being a reviewing process, performance management is the continuous process of setting objectives, monitoring the performance of the employees, providing training to employees for their weaker sections and helping them grow themselves professionally (Steve, 2009). For instance, there are numerous so ftware applications and templates available for the organisation to effectively manage the performance of their employees. For example, Taleo Perform is one of the software applications available for effective performance management. Taleo Perform gets integrated with Microsoft Outlook and Taleos recruiting software. With this, managers and employees can complete online surveys on performance management which can be assessed by managers to offer rewards and promotion to employees who have shown exceptional performance. This report is basically a critical review of the employee performance management strategies of Heinz Company Australia. Towards the end, the report also provides recommendations to Heinz Company Australia for future. 1. How was Heinzs approach to performance management invalid in relation to Morettis job? Explain your answer in relation to significance of strategic performance management, appraisal and employee feedback in organisational context. The foremost aspect which can be observed from the case study is that Heinz insisted on an individual performance management plan for the manager was a low score in his annual review (Nielsen, 2013). But this score was not a rating for individual performance which can be attributed solely to Moretti, rather it was companywide rating which implies that it applies equally to all the employees in a uniform way and hence, if this was the only reason then all the employees would have been stress upon individual performance management plan. At the outset, this approach was faulty which discriminated against Moretti and strictly violates the policies of corporate performance management and unethical. Strategic Performance Management is employed for different purposes and serves the interest of the employee and the company simultaneously (Swiss, 2005). For the company, it is aimed at synchronizing the objectives of the company with the employees career growth. On the other hand, it is significant for the employee as he or she can focus on the organizational goals by working towards the collective good along with improving his own career prospects within the organization (US Office, 2009). The general techniques to be adopted for employee performance evaluation are to be weighed against the facts of the case; in light to the meeting with retail sales manager and the communication exchange which took place between Heinz and Moretti between the month of July and August also indicates towards faulty implementation of employee performance evaluation plan due to various reasons. When the meeting took place with the retail manager sales, Moretti was asked either to leave or he would be done away with by being performance managed out. In case this was not true, Heinz should have come up with a claim disputing this fact but ironically, it did not happen which made it an undisputed fact. Further, the employee made several requests so that the company let him the performance concerns but this was denied until unless he signed an individual performance management plan. In employee feedback strategies, this is termed as undue influence because Heinz was at a better position and hence, observed implied control on Moretti due to which it exercised carelessness and implicitly stressed upon him to agree to their demand which was individual performance management plan (Olsen, 2010). The apprehension of Moretti was pretty genuine in this case that this might be used as a tactic to oust him from the company. This is to be seen in comparison to settled principles of strategic performance management. Strategic performance management is a tool for evaluating the performance of the employee with respect to how he has delivered f or meeting the organizational goals and has fared in career development. It comprises of reviews of employees within the company which are based on peer reviews, progress of the project and other criteria (Rausch, 2003). Here, the efforts have been made by the retail manager sales which specified that there is no longer a job for Moretti, a company like Heinz cannot shun its responsibility as it reflects poor job security prospects on the part of the company and also reflects faulty Human Resources techniques. It is very crucial for the employees that an optimal level of job security is provided so that the employees can be assured of being a part of the organization and it also works as a motivational factor for them subsequently indicating proper implementation of Human Resources strategies (Coknis, 2009). According to Patrick Proctor, it is very important to heed to the needs of the employees as it is the best way to make sure that the company is listening to the employees needs after all, they are the ones who are at the helm of the affairs and make the company run the business. If the employee would be unsure of his job prospects and is afraid that in the name of individual performance managemen t plans, he can be made a scapegoat of the situation, then it would block all the paths to approach the higher management and any honest opinion would be lost in oblivion which is highly detrimental to the company itself. If one goes by the Strategic performance management concepts by Cranfield University school of management, the knowledge to create strategic alignment across your organization through the design, implementation and management of goals, measures and targets is an important part of it (Routledge, 2009). This means that this knowledge was not imparted which disturbed the alignment and this divagate the employees from the vision of the company which will further carve up the path of individual growth and organizational goals and create conflict of interest among the employees. The appraisal also known as performance review or career development discussion is pivotal to the projects for evaluating and making decisions on the basis of the performance of the employee whic h is documented in detail and then performance is evaluated. As mentioned in the case study, there were other alternatives which could have been adopted Heinz. Some of these alternatives can be found in the improvements techniques of applications of Performance appraisal (Mawhinney, 2001). According to Muchinsky, training, peer reviews, development sessions and regular feedbacks to employees are the alternatives which can be adopted if the performance is not going on as per the company standards. In the present study, it was a genuine apprehension expressed by Moretti that he was suspicious about the intentions of the company. Moreover, there has been no past record where any manager was subjected to such an individual performance management plan although employees other than the manager were subjected to such but whenever it happened; it culminated in the result that it was because of their poor performance. So all in all, even if his performance was not up to the mark about which there is not substantial record, it was not justified that he would be subjected to such an approach which not only lead to reversal of decision of the company by his reinstatement but also put an adverse impact on other managers about faulty strategic performance management and erroneous implementation of employee appraisal (Chen, 2007). 2. How was Heinzs approach towards employee performance management unreliable? Discuss your answer that relates employee performance management and its impact on strategic human resource management and organisational performances. Employee performance management is an indicator of the employees contribution towards success of the company (Ghemawat, 2002). A company which is successful tends to have better employee performance management than others which are not doing well in competitive scenario. By definition, employee performance management refers to the process of establishing a shared workforce understanding regarding what is to be achieved at an organisation level. In broader sense, employee performance management aligns the organisational objectives with measures, competencies and development plans as agreed by employee (Hill, 2012). In case of Heinz, the approach adopted by the company towards employee performance management was considered totally unreliable. This is due to the fact that the company dismissed a sales manager on grounds on inefficient performance. But the real scenario was somewhat different. The organisation took a company-wide rating instead of individual rating for employee performan ce and in this rating, Moretti scored really low. Since the ratings were not individual instead company-wide, Heinz Company Australia could not dismiss him on grounds of performance concerns. Moreover, the company tried threatening Moretti to fire him if he didnt sign the individual performance management plan. Although Moretti was repeatedly told about his performance concerns but no details were provided on his repeated insistence. The employee performance management has a critical impact on the strategic human resource management of an organisation (Lamb, 2004). Strategic human resource management is defined as the form of management of activities of employees in an organisation. A company where employees have high performance, it will have efficient strategic human resource management. Alternatively, a company with low employee performance will have inefficient strategic human resource management (Porter, 1996). However, strategic human resource management hugely depends upon the employee-employer relationship. In case of Heinz Company Australia, the relationship of the company with its employees doesnt seem cordial and healthy. Due to unhealthy relations, the company took an action against its sales manager on false grounds of performance concerns. As per experts in HRM, it is believed that HRM strategies have direct impact on the employee performance through employee motivation. By definition, employee moti vation refers to the process of motivating and encouraging employees contribute hugely towards success of organisation. Employee motivation provides employee outcomes, boosts the performance of employees and ultimately impacts the productivity and performance of employees (Kvint, 2009). Strategic HRM is seen as an indicator of the intentions of organisation towards its employees. For instance, if an organisation conducts regular training for its employees then it can result in better employee performance. Hence, greater training can be effectively linked to productivity of employees. In case of Heinz Company Australia, the company lacked motivation in its HRM strategies. Due to this, the Deputy President of FWA didnt accept the repeated arguments of Heinz Company Australia. He figured out that flawed employee performance management is one of the primary reasons for the failure of the company in developing their employees performance. In another example, employee performance management have strong relationship with organisational performance and behaviour. Employees who are regularly awarded with bonuses, promotion and rewards based upon their performance tends to be highly motivated (Crosby, 2009). It keeps them satisfied and encouraged towards contributing their best towards their job role. Also, the effective recruiting and selection practices along with better compensation terms tend to have positive impact on the performance of the employees. But in case of Heinz Company Australia, no employee had ever been subjected to performance management plans. Moreover, managers were never subjected to performance management plans but one employee was subjected to the poor performance management plans of the company, he was dismissed without a second thought. Hence, it can be concluded from above discussion that employee performance management usually have positive relationships with strategic HRM and organisational behaviour. 3. Identify the ways in which Heinzs employee performance management could be improved. As part of your answer, make sure you explain carefully how the company should implement your recommendations because so much of success in this area depends on the how of any strategy is implemented. In the scenario, Heinz Company Australia had to suffer due to its poor employee performance management. An effective employee performance management requires continuous process of setting objectives, monitoring the performance of the employees, providing training to employees for their weaker sections and helping them grow themselves professionally (Chaffee, 1985). However, in case of Heinz Company Australia, no such employee performance management plans were followed for employees and managers. Ultimately, this impacted the strategic HRM and organisational behaviour of the company greatly. The company dismissed their sales manager, Monetti on grounds of performance concerns but didnt provide any details to him in spite of his repeated insistence. The case when taken up by Deputy President of FWA was viewed as the fault of the company rather than employee. In order to improve the ways using which employee performance management of Heinz Company Australia can be improved are: Diagnosing poor performance: In order to enhance the employee performance management, one of the critical ways is to diagnose the poor performance by conducting frequent employee performance audits. These audits will help to monitor the weak points of employees individually. In general, before taking any step to fix the poor performance of the employees, it is crucial to determine its cause. Those causes can only be determined with regular performance audits (Chandler, 2002). Most common causes of poor performance of employees in organisations such as Heinz Company Australia are lack of ability, lack of motivation, lack of training sessions. But in case, managers observe that an employee is not making efforts to do his job then they are likely to put pressure on him. The increased pressure can worsen the problem in spite of motivating employee to his job efficiently. The low ability of employees in Heinz Company Australia can be due to numerous reasons, such as, over-difficult tasks, low aptitude, skills and knowledge of employee, high effort but low performance and lack of improvement over time. Many times, candidates with low ability are matched with wrong jobs. This is one of the factors leading to poor performance. Secondly, some employees might have been promoted to positions that are demanding. Thirdly, employees might have not been able to get the support from management which they must get. These are most probable causes of poor performance (Mintzberg, 1987). These can be effectively fixed by recruiting right candidate for position, assessing the performance level of the employee and then promoting him and providing appropriate support to him by management (Mintzberg, 1996). Boost the ability of employees: In organisations such as Heinz Company Australia, managers can enhance the ability of the employees. In general, there are five ways to overcome employee performance problems related to lack of ability. The ways include Resupply, Retrain, Refit, Reassign and Release. Resupply: This includes assessing the resources available to employees. Many times, employees dont have adequate resources to complete their job. For example, employees dont have internet access to be updated with latest trends. It can result in poor performance (Drucker, 1954). Hence, managers need to resupply the resources so that employee performance can be enhanced. Retrain: This includes training the employees about their work. Untrained employees are not productive and cant be innovative in their work. Hence, second way is to retrain the employees and providing them significant training to manage their work effectively. Refit: If resupply and retrain dont work to maximise the employee performance, then the other option is to reconsider the person for the job role. Many time, a candidate is not fit the job and hence it results in poor performance. Reassign: Fourth way to maximise employee performance is to reassign the tasks to different employees who might be much capable of doing work than the employee who has been assigned previously. Release: In case all four options dont work to maximise the employee performance at Heinz Company Australia, the last option is to release the employee. In other words, it means to let the employee go and hire another at his position. This should be seen as final step and must not be used in situations where employee performance can be managed by training, supplying the resources (Henderson, 1981). Enhance motivation level of employee: In order to improve the employee performance management at organisations such as Heinz Company Australia, one of the ways is to improve the motivation level of employees. This can be done by setting performance goals for individual employees, provision to provide assistance to employees and provision to provide feedback to employees regularly (Kearney, 2002). These are some of the ways that can be adopted by Heinz Company Australia to improve their employee performance management. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that employee performance management has a huge impact on HRM strategies and organisational behaviour. A company with efficient employee performance management can be successful in long run due to successful HRM strategies and cooperative organisational behaviour. 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Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise, Doubleday, New York.19. Mintzber g, H. (1987). Why Organizations Need Strategy. California Management Review .20. Mintzberg, B. (1996). The Strategy Process:Concepts, Contexts, Cases. Prentice Hall. 21. Drucker, P. (1954). The Practice of Management. Harper Row. 22. Henderson, B. (1981). The Concept of Strategy. Boston Consulting Group. Accessed on 19 March, 2015.23. Kearney, A. (2002). Total Quality Management: A business process perspective, Kearney Pree Inc.24. Crosby, P. (2009). Quality is Free, McGraw Hill, New York.